/* $Id$ */

/*
 * This file is part of OpenTTD.
 * OpenTTD is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
 * OpenTTD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 * See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with OpenTTD. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

/** @file binaryheap.hpp Binary heap implementation. */

#ifndef  BINARYHEAP_HPP
#define  BINARYHEAP_HPP

/**
 * Binary Heap as C++ template.
 *
 * For information about Binary Heap algotithm,
 *   see: http://www.policyalmanac.org/games/binaryHeaps.htm
 *
 * Implementation specific notes:
 *
 * 1) It allocates space for item pointers (array). Items are allocated elsewhere.
 *
 * 2) T*[0] is never used. Total array size is max_items + 1, because we
 *    use indices 1..max_items instead of zero based C indexing.
 *
 * 3) Item of the binary heap should support these public members:
 *    - 'lower-than' operator '<' - used for comparing items before moving
 *
 */

template <class T>
class CBinaryHeapT {
private:
	uint m_size;     ///< Number of items in the heap
	uint m_max_size; ///< Maximum number of items the heap can hold
	T **m_items;       ///< The heap item pointers

public:
	explicit CBinaryHeapT(uint max_items)
		: m_size(0)
		, m_max_size(max_items)
	{
		m_items = MallocT<T*>(max_items + 1);
	}

	~CBinaryHeapT()
	{
		Clear();
		free(m_items);
		m_items = NULL;
	}

protected:
	/** Heapify (move gap) down */
	FORCEINLINE uint HeapifyDown(uint gap, T *item)
	{
		assert(gap != 0);

		uint child = gap * 2; // first child is at [parent * 2]

		/* while children are valid */
		while (child <= m_size) {
			/* choose the smaller child */
			if (child < m_size && *m_items[child + 1] < *m_items[child])
				child++;
			/* is it smaller than our parent? */
			if (!(*m_items[child] < *item)) {
				/* the smaller child is still bigger or same as parent => we are done */
				break;
			}
			/* if smaller child is smaller than parent, it will become new parent */
			m_items[gap] = m_items[child];
			gap = child;
			/* where do we have our new children? */
			child = gap * 2;
		}
		return gap;
	}

public:
	/** Return the number of items stored in the priority queue.
	 *  @return number of items in the queue */
	FORCEINLINE uint Size() const {return m_size;};

	/** Test if the priority queue is empty.
	 *  @return true if empty */
	FORCEINLINE bool IsEmpty() const {return (m_size == 0);};

	/** Test if the priority queue is full.
	 *  @return true if full. */
	FORCEINLINE bool IsFull() const {return (m_size >= m_max_size);};

	/** Find the smallest item in the priority queue.
	 *  Return the smallest item, or throw assert if empty. */
	FORCEINLINE T& GetHead()
	{
		assert(!IsEmpty());
		return *m_items[1];
	}

	FORCEINLINE T *End()
	{
		return m_items[1 + m_size];
	}

	/** Insert new item into the priority queue, maintaining heap order.
	 *  @return false if the queue is full. */
	FORCEINLINE void Push(T& new_item)
	{
		if (IsFull()) {
			m_max_size *= 2;
			m_items = ReallocT<T*>(m_items, m_max_size + 1);
		}

		/* make place for new item */
		uint gap = ++m_size;
		/* Heapify up */
		while (gap > 1) {
			/* compare [gap] with its parent */
			uint parent = gap / 2;
			if (new_item < *m_items[parent]) {
				m_items[gap] = m_items[parent];
				gap = parent;
			} else {
				/* we don't need to continue upstairs */
				break;
			}
		}
		m_items[gap] = &new_item;
		CheckConsistency();
	}

	/** Remove and return the smallest item from the priority queue. */
	FORCEINLINE T& PopHead()
	{
		T& ret = GetHead();
		RemoveHead();
		return ret;
	}

	/** Remove the smallest item from the priority queue. */
	FORCEINLINE void RemoveHead()
	{
		assert(!IsEmpty());

		m_size--;
		/* at index 1 we have a gap now */
		T *last = End();
		uint gap = HeapifyDown(1, last);
		/* move last item to the proper place */
		if (!IsEmpty()) m_items[gap] = last;
		CheckConsistency();
	}

	/** Remove item specified by index */
	FORCEINLINE void RemoveByIdx(uint idx)
	{
		/* at position idx we have a gap now */
		uint gap = idx;
		if (idx < m_size) {
			assert(idx >= 1);
			m_size--;
			T *last = End();
			/* and the candidate item for fixing this gap is our last item 'last'
			 * Move gap / last item up: */
			while (gap > 1)
			{
				/* compare [gap] with its parent */
				uint parent = gap / 2;
				if (*last < *m_items[parent]) {
					m_items[gap] = m_items[parent];
					gap = parent;
				} else {
					/* we don't need to continue upstairs */
					break;
				}
			}

			gap = HeapifyDown(gap, last);
			/* move last item to the proper place */
			if (!IsEmpty()) m_items[gap] = last;
		} else {
			assert(idx == m_size);
			m_size--;
		}
		CheckConsistency();
	}

	/** return index of the item that matches (using &item1 == &item2) the given item. */
	FORCEINLINE uint FindLinear(const T& item) const
	{
		if (IsEmpty()) return 0;
		for (T **ppI = m_items + 1, **ppLast = ppI + m_size; ppI <= ppLast; ppI++) {
			if (*ppI == &item) {
				return ppI - m_items;
			}
		}
		return 0;
	}

	/** Make the priority queue empty.
	 * All remaining items will remain untouched. */
	FORCEINLINE void Clear() {m_size = 0;}

	/** verifies the heap consistency (added during first YAPF debug phase) */
	FORCEINLINE void CheckConsistency()
	{
		/* enable it if you suspect binary heap doesn't work well */
#if 0
		for (uint child = 2; child <= m_size; child++) {
			uint parent = child / 2;
			assert(!(*m_items[child] < *m_items[parent]));
		}
#endif
	}
};

#endif /* BINARYHEAP_HPP */